Appendix D. IRIX Directories and Files

This section briefly describes the directories and files that a system administrator uses frequently. For additional information on the formats of the system files, refer to the IRIX section 4 man pages.

IRIX root Directories

The main directories of the root filesystem (/) are as follows:

/  

Contains hardware-specific files and files required to start the system.

bin  

Contains publicly executable commands. (Some are root-only.)

debug  

Provides a link to /proc.

dev  

Contains special files that define all of the devices on the system.

etc  

Contains administrative programs and tables.

lib  

Contains public libraries.

lost+found  

Used by fsck(1M) to save disconnected files and directories.

proc  

Provides an interface to running processes that may be used by debuggers such as dbx(1).

tmp  

Used for temporary files.

usr  

Used to mount the /usr filesystem and for files that are the same from system to system. These files are not writable.

var  

Used for files that are specific to each system. There is typically a symbolic link to /usr for each file in /var.

Other Important IRIX System Directories

The following directories are important in the administration of your system:

/etc/init.d  

Contains shell scripts used in upward and downward transitions to all system run levels. These files are linked to files beginning with S (start) or K (kill) in /etc/rcn.d, where n is replaced by the appropriate run level number.

/etc/config  

Contains start-up and run-time configuration information.

/etc/rc0.d  

Contains files executed by /etc/rc0 to bring the system to run-level 0. Files in this directory are linked from files in the /etc/init.d directory and begin with either a K or an S. K indicates processes that are killed, and S indicates processes that are started when entering run-level 0.

/etc/rc2.d  

Contains files executed by /etc/rc2 for transitions to system run-level 2. Files in this directory are linked from files in the /etc/init.d directory and begin with either a K or an S. K indicates processes that should be killed, and S indicates processes that should be started, when entering run-level 2.

/etc/rc3.d  

Contains files executed by /etc/rc3 for transitions to system run-level 3. Files in this directory are linked from files in the /etc/init.d directory and begin with either a K or an S. K indicates processes that should be stopped, and S indicates processes that should be started when entering run-level 3.

/var/adm/acct 

Contains information collected by the accounting subsystem.

/var/adm/crash 

Contains crash dumps of the system. After analysis, and if appropriate, these dumps can safely be removed unless your support provider has requested otherwise. See the savecare(1) man page for more information.

/var/adm/sa  

Contains information collected by sar(1). Note the %wio, %idle, wioq-sz, and %wioocc fields changed in the IRIX 6.5.13 release. For more information, see the sar(1) man page, especially the -U and -q options.

/usr/people  

Contains the home directories of users of the system or network. This directory can be a link to /var/people or a mount point for a totally separate filesystem.

/usr/share  

This directory contains files that are the same on all systems.

/var/spool  

Contains spooling directories. The directories in this directory hold outbound mail, print requests, and other data.

/var/spool/cron/crontabs  

Contains crontab files for the adm, root, and sys logins and ordinary users listed in cron.allow.

/var/sysgen/master.d  

Contains files that define the configuration of hardware devices, software services and utilities, and aliases.

/var/sysgen/stune  

Contains files that define the default settings of all kernel tunable parameters.

/var/sysgen/mtune  

Contains files that define the current settings of all kernel tunable parameters.

Important IRIX System Files

The following files are important in the administration of your system:

/etc/cshrc  

Contains the standard (default) environment for /bin/csh users.

/etc/exports  

Contains the list of NFS filesystems exported at boot time to NFS clients if the optional NFS software is installed.

/etc/fstab  

Specifies the filesystem(s) to be mounted.

/etc/gettydefs 

Contains information used by getty to set the speed and terminal settings for a line.

/etc/group  

Describes each group to the system.

/etc/hosts  

Contains information about the known hosts on the network.

/etc/hosts.equiv 

Contains a list of hosts trusted for non-superuser rlogin and rsh execution.

/etc/inittab  

Contains the instructions to define the processes created or terminated by init for each initialization state.

/etc/issue  

Displays a message to users before logging in to the system over the network or on serial lines.

/etc/lvtab  

Contains information describing the logical volumes used by the workstation. This file is read by the logical volumes utilities.

/etc/motd  

Contains a brief message-of-the-day.

/etc/passwd  

Identifies each user to the system.

/etc/profile  

Contains the standard (default) environment for /bin/sh users.

/etc/rc0  

Contains a script that executes shell scripts in /etc/rc0.d to bring the system to run-level 0.

/etc/rc2  

Contains a script that executes shell scripts in /etc/rc2.d and /etc/rc.d on transitions to system run-level 2.

/etc/shutdown  

Contains a shell script that gracefully shuts down the system in preparation for system backup or for scheduled downtime.

/etc/sys_id  

Contains the system name.

/etc/ttytype  

Contains a list, ordered by terminal port, of what kind of terminal is likely to log in to that port.

/etc/TIMEZONE  

Used to set the default time zone shell variable TZ.

/etc/utmp  

Contains the information on the current runstate of the system.

/etc/wtmp  

Contains a history of system logins.

/etc/xwtmp  

Contains an extended history of system logins.

/var/adm/sulog  

Contains a history of su command usage. This file should be checked periodically for excessive size and archived.

/var/adm/SYSLOG 

Contains system and daemon error messages.

/var/yp/ypdomain 

Contains the domain name if the workstation is using NIS.

/var/cron/log  

Contains a history of all the actions taken by cron. This file should be checked periodically for excessive size and reduced if necessary.

/usr/lib/cron/cron.allow  

Contains a list of users allowed to use crontab(1). This file cannot exist on the system at the same time as cron.deny.

/usr/lib/cron/cron.deny  

Contains a list of users who are denied access to crontab(1). It is checked if /usr/lib/cron/cron.allow does not exist.

IRIX Device Special Files

This section contains a listing of many of the most important device files and directories that reside in the /dev directory structure.

dsk/  

Directory containing block device files for disks; see the ips(7), dks(7), and xyl(7)man pages for disk partition device names.

rdsk/  

Directory containing raw (character) device files for disks; see the ips(7), dks(7), and xyl(7) man pages for disk partition device names.

root  

Generic root partition (block device).

rroot  

Generic root partition (raw device).

usr  

Generic usr partition (block device).

rusr  

Generic usr partition (raw device).

swap  

Generic swap partition (block device).

rswap  

Generic swap partition (raw device).

vh  

Generic root volume header (block device).

rvh  

Generic root volume header (raw device).

mt/  

Directory containing block device files for tapes; see the ts(7) man page for ISI quarter-inch tape drive device names; see the tps(7) man page for SCSI quarter-inch tape drive device names; see the xmt(7) man page for Xylogics half-inch tape drive names.

rmt/  

Directory containing raw device files for tapes; see the ts(7) man page for ISI quarter-inch tape drive device names; see the tps(7) man page for SCSI quarter-inch tape drive device names; see the xmt(7) man page for Xylogics half-inch tape drive names.

tape  

Generic tape device; bytes are swapped in order to be backward-compatible with the IRIS Series 2000 and 3000 workstations; see the mtio(7)man page.

nrtape  

Generic no-rewind tape device; bytes are swapped in order to be backward-compatible with the IRIS Series 2000 and 3000 workstations; see the mtio(7)man page.

tapens  

Generic tape device; bytes are not swapped; see the mtio(7)man page.

nrtapens  

Generic no-rewind tape device; bytes are not swapped; see the mtio(7)man page.

mem  

Memory; see mem(7)man page.

mmem  

Mappable memory; see the mmem(7) man page.

kmem  

Kernel memory; see the kmem(7)man page.

null  

Null device (zero length on input, data sink on output); see the null(7)man page.

SA/  

Block devices used by system administration tools; see the sysadm(1M) and sa(7)man page.

rSA/  

Raw devices used by system administration tools; see the sysadm(1M) and sa(7)man page.

audio  

Audio interface.

dn_ll  

File used to create 4DDN logical links; see the dn_ll(7)man page.

dn_netman  

File used by 4DDN network management software; see the dn_netman(7)man page.

cent  

Centronics color graphics printer device.

tek  

Tektronix color graphics printer device.

vers  

Versatec color graphics printer device.

vp0  

Hard link to vers.

gpib*  

GPIB (IEEE-488) device; see the gpib(7)man page.

gse  

Spectragraphics coax device; see the gse(7)man page.

plp  

Parallel line printer interface; see the plp(7)man page.

prf  

File used by operating system profiler; see the prf(7)man page.

t3270  

Raw device file for IBM 3270 Cluster Controller; see the t3270(7)man page.

hl/  

Directory containing files used by IRIS GTX series machines hardware spinlock driver; see the usnewlock(3P)man page.

log  

Named pipe that is read by the system logging daemon; see the syslogd(1M)man page.

ptc  

Clonable pseudo-tty controller; see the clone(7) and ptc(7)man pages.

grconc  

Master pseudo-teletype for the graphics console; see the pty(7)man page.

grcons  

Slave pseudo-teletype for the graphics console; see the pty(7)man page.

gm  

Logical console device for the Graphics Manager on the IRIS GT and GTX model machines. Messages from the software running on the 68020 on the GM board will appear as output on this device.

grin/  

Directory containing the individual logical graphics input devices.

console  

System console device.

syscon  

Hard link to /dev/console.

systty  

Hard link to /dev/console.

queue  

Graphics queue device. Graphics programs call “select” on this device in order to be notified when there is input in their graphics queue. This device cannot be actually read or written.

dials  

Device for serial port connected to dial and button box.

keybd  

Device for serial port connected to keyboard.

mouse  

Device for serial port connected to mouse.

tablet  

Device for serial port connected to digitizing tablet.

ttyd[1-12]  

Serial ports 1–12.

ttyf[1-12]  

Serial ports 1–12 for devices that understand hardware flow control.

ttym[1-12]  

Serial ports 1–12 for modems.

ttyq*  

Pseudo tty devices; see the pty(7)man page.

zero  

Zero device (infinite zeros on reads); see the zero(7)man page.

ASCII Conversion Table

The ASCII character set defines a 1-to-1 mapping of characters to 8-bit values. The following tables provide an easy reference for converting the ASCII characters into their octal, hexadecimal, and decimal equivalents. These tables are also available in the ascii(5) man page.

Table D-1. ASCII Map to Octal Values

000 nul

001 soh

002 stx

003 etx

004 eot

005 enq

006 ack

007 bel

010 bs

011 ht

012 nl

013 vt

014 np

015 cr

016 so

017 si

020 dle

021 dc1

022 dc2

023 dc3

024 dc4

025 nak

026 syn

027 etb

030 can

031 em

032 sub

033 esc

034 fs

035 gs

036 rs

037 us

040 sp

041!

042 “

043 #

044 $

045 %

046 &

047 `

050 (

051 )

052 *

053 +

054 ,

055 -

056 .

057 /

060 0

061 1

062 2

063 3

064 4

065 5

066 6

067 7

070 8

071 9

072 :

073 ;

074 <

075 =

076 >

077 ?

100 @

101 A

102 B

103 C

104 D

105 E

106 F

107 G

110 H

111 I

112 J

113 K

114 L

115 M

116 N

117 O

120 P

121 Q

122 R

123 S

124 T

125 U

126 V

127 W

130 X

131 Y

132 Z

133 [

134 \

135 ]

136 ^

137 _

140 `

141 a

142 b

143 c

144 d

145 e

146 f

147 g

150 h

151 i

152 j

153 k

154 l

155 m

156 n

157 o

160 p

161 q

162 r

163 s

164 t

165 u

166 v

167 w

170 x

171 y

172 z

173 {

174 |

175 }

176 ~

177 del


Table D-2. ASCII Map to Hexadecimal Values

00 nul

 01 soh

 02 stx

 03 etx

 04 eot

 05 enq

 06 ack

 07 bel

08 bs

 09 ht

 0a nl

 0b vt

 0c np

 0d cr

 0e so

 0f si

10 dle

 11 dc1

 12 dc2

 13 dc3

 14 dc4

 15 nak

 16 syn

 17 etb

18 can

 19 em

 1a sub

 1b esc

 1c fs

 1d gs

 1e rs

 1f us

20 sp

 21 !

 22 “

 23 #

 24 $

 25 %

 26 &

 27 `

28 (

 29 )

 2a *

 2b +

 2c ,

 2d -

 2e .

 2f /

30 0

 31 1

 32 2

 33 3

 34 4

 35 5

 36 6

 37 7

38 8

 39 9

 3a :

 3b ;

 3c <

 3d =

 3e >

 3f ?

40 @

 41 A

 42 B

 43 C

 44 D

 45 E

 46 F

 47 G

48 H

 49 I

 4a J

 4b K

 4c L

 4d M

 4e N

 4f O

50 P

 51 Q

 52 R

 53 S

 54 T

 55 U

 56 V

 57 W

58 X

 59 Y

 5a Z

 5b [

 5c \

 5d ]

 5e ^

 5f _

60 `

 61 a

 62 b

 63 c

 64 d

 65 e

 66 f

 67 g

68 h

 69 i

 6a j

 6b k

 6c l

 6d m

 6e n

 6f o

70 p

 71 q

 72 r

 73 s

 74 t

 75 u

 76 v

 77 w

78 x

 79 y

 7a z

 7b {

 7c |

 7d }

 7e ~

 7f del


Table D-3. ASCII Map to Decimal Values

0 nul

  1 soh

  2 stx

  3 etx

  4 eot

  5 enq

  6 ack

  7 bel

8 bs

  9 ht

 10 nl

 11 vt

 12 np

 13 cr

 14 so

 15 si

16 dle

 17 dc1

 18 dc2

 19 dc3

 20 dc4

 21 nak

 22 syn

 23 etb

24 can

 25 em

 26 sub

 27 esc

 28 fs

 29 gs

 30 rs

 31 us

32 sp

 33 !

 34 “

 35 #

 36 $

 37 %

 38 &

 39 `

40 (

 41 )

 42 *

 43 +

 44 ,

 45 -

 46 .

 47 /

48 0

 49 1

 50 2

 51 3

 52 4

 53 5

 54 6

 55 7

56 8

 57 9

 58 :

 59 ;

 60 <

 61 =

 62 >

 63 ?

64 @

 65 A

 66 B

 67 C

 68 D

 69 E

 70 F

 71 G

72 H

 73 I

 74 J

 75 K

 76 L

 77 M

 78 N

 79 O

80 P

 81 Q

 82 R

 83 S

 84 T

 85 U

 86 V

 87 W

88 X

 89 Y

 90 Z

 91 [

 92 \

 93 ]

 94 ^

 95 _

96 `

 97 a

 98 b

 99 c

100 d

101 e

102 f

103 g

104 h

105 i

106 j

107 k

108 l

109 m

110 n

111 o

112 p

113 q

114 r

115 s

116 t

117 u

118 v

119 w

120 x

121 y

122 z

123 {

124 |

125 }

126 ~

127 del